@捷克~布爾諾BRNO–Moravsky Kras鐘乳石洞 -人骨教堂 – 聖芭芭拉教堂 / 布拉格近郊舊城區逛街
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受保護的風景名勝區 – 摩拉維亞喀斯特(MORAVSKÝKRAS)
摩拉維亞喀斯特是歐洲中部最重要的岩溶區之一。在摩拉維亞岩溶地區,有1100多個洞穴和峽谷。但只有4個洞穴中的所有數字都向公眾開放。有 Punkvevníjeskyně(Punkva洞)的地下河–在郵輪上你可以看到有底部著名的Macocha的深淵。另一個的洞穴是Kateřinskájeskyně(凱瑟琳的洞),其獨特的石灰岩柱。的Balcarka洞是充滿豐富多彩的stalactitic的裝飾。 Sloupskošošůvskéjeskyn E(SloupŠošůvka洞)是由巨大的走廊和地下峽谷。
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捷克人骨教堂(Kostelk Vech savtych a kostnic),位於布拉格以東約70公里的小鎮Kutna Hora,建於14世紀,其外表是看似十分普通的哥德式建築造型,但內部的裝飾卻都是用人骨做成的,因此這里與其說是教堂,倒不如說是“人骨博物館”。
一名曾到耶路撒冷朝聖的修道院院長把帶回來的泥土撒在地上,自此,名門望族都以身後能葬於此為榮。14世紀的一場黑死病和15世紀的戰爭,令這塊3500平方米的空地上,竟出現了3萬多個墳墓!
16世紀間,受限於墓園胃納,修道院計畫另外興建一座禮拜堂來容納百多年來荒廢的遺骨,這項令人毛骨悚然的任務一開始是交由一位半盲的僧侶來執行,1870年間,一位受雇於Schwarzenberg家族的木刻師傅,Rint開始將人骨排列成各種圖案,其中包括Schwarzenberg的家徽與Rint自己的簽名。
據統計,這些飾品大約用掉一萬具屍體。神學家表示,天主教視死亡為神聖的事,死後將屍身獻給上帝,象征無上的讚美,所以“人骨裝飾品”不值得大驚小怪。人骨教堂很小,兩三分鍾已可走完。但那別出心裁的人骨藝術,卻不由得讓人駐足細賞。只見4萬副經過消毒和篩選的骨頭,大小相同,被細致地用來砌成燭台、祭壇、聖杯、門楣、拱門、吊飾甚至十字架。
人骨聖杯
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Schwarzenberg 家族的盾型徽章
總共有4座人骨塚,堆疊過程中沒有使用任何接著劑,半盲僧侶的頭骨也在內
代表人死後沒有貴賤分別,在上帝面前都是平等的
教堂正中央那盞由人體各部分的骨骼造成的“人骨吊燈”——以腿骨組成主架,下顎骨串成掛簾,主架又分成8個腿骨燈架,撐著一塊塊排成圓形的盆骨,上面又各自端著一顆充當燭台的頭顱,外形獨特,又仿佛附著死者的靈魂,邪惡詭異中帶著點懾人心髓的華麗。站在大燈下往上一看,乖乖的不得了,屋頂竟也有一串串的頭骨裝飾,一個個的臉骨都是往下,看遍了兩個世紀來的遊客,也看遍了世間的變化無常。
人骨教堂外面的眾聖人教堂公墓(Cemetery Church of All Saints;Hřbitovní kostel Všech Svatých)。
1278年的時候,Sedlec地區的修道院長被波希米亞國王歐圖卡二世(Otakar II)派到聖地(Holy Land,今日以色列、巴勒斯坦一帶),他回來時帶了一把受難地(Golgotha)的泥土,並將之灑在修道院的墓園裡。很快的一傳十、十傳百,此地馬上便成了最熱門的往生安息地。
14世紀的黑死病和15世紀的胡斯戰爭導致墓園人數快速擴增數千人。約1400年時,墓園增建了上層的墓室和下層的藏骨室/禮拜堂。傳說在1511年時,有位僧侶負責將死者的骨骸取出堆積;直到1870年,史瓦森堡家族(Schwarzenberg)委託捷克木匠František Rint將接近四萬具人骨清洗和整理,再以藝術性的手法排列,這就是今天我們參觀人骨教堂所見的樣貌。
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聖芭芭拉教堂(捷克語:Chrám svaté Barbory,德語:Der Dom der heiligen Barbara)是捷克共和國中波西米亞城市庫特納霍拉的一座教堂,中歐地區的一座著名哥德式教堂,被列為世界文化遺產。聖巴巴拉是礦工的主保聖人,因為該鎮的財富完全依賴於銀礦。
瞭望台旁邊與教堂垂直的Barborska街,右邊有許多雕像,左邊則是耶穌會信徒學院(Jezuitská kolej)的建築。
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